What’s the difference between bourbon and whiskey?

SDStaff Jillgat replies:

At the risk of being typecast as the Beverage Expert on the Straight Dope Science Advisory Board (I’ve already written Mailbag answers about beer vs. malt liquor and the ingredients in Dr Pepper), I’ll “take a shot” at this one. Heh. Though generally speaking, I’m more of a cabernet drinker.

All bourbons are whiskey, but not all whiskeys are bourbon. Before I go on, Canadians and Scots spell it “whisky” and the Irish spell it “whiskey.” Most U.S. dictionaries prefer the Irish spelling, but the U.S. Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits, Congress spelled it “whisky.” Oh well.

A definition of whiskey/whisky from www.kentuckyconnect.com: “Whisky is an alcoholic distillate from a fermented mash of grain produced at less than 190 proof in such a manner that the distillate possesses the taste, aroma, and characteristics generally attributed to whiskey, stored in oak containers (except that corn whisky need not be so stored), and bottled at not less than 80 proof, and also includes mixtures of such distillates for which no specific standards of identity are prescribed.”

For a whiskey to qualify as bourbon, the law–by international agreement–stipulates that it must be made in the USA. It must be made from at least 51% and no more than 79% Indian corn, and aged for at least two years. (Most bourbon is aged for four years or more.) The barrels for aging can be made of any kind of new oak, charred on the inside. Nowadays all distillers use American White Oak, because it is porous enough to help the bourbon age well, but not so porous that it will allow barrels to leak. It must be distilled at no more than 160 proof (80% alcohol by volume). Nothing can be added at bottling to enhance flavor or sweetness or alter color. The other grains used to make bourbon, though not stipulated by law, are malted barley and either rye or wheat. Some Kentucky bourbon makers claim that the same limestone spring water that makes thoroughbred horses’ bones strong gives bourbon whiskey its distinctive flavor. Kind of like that “it’s the water” thing with Olympia beer.

Bourbon can be made anywhere in the U.S., but all but a couple of brands are made in Kentucky. Only the state of Kentucky can produce bourbon with its name on the label. The name comes from Bourbon county in the central bluegrass region of Kentucky. This county was named in 1785 to honor the French royal family and was once the major transshipment site for shipping distilled spirits down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to New Orleans. Barrels shipped from there were stamped with the county’s name, which then became the name of this kind of whiskey. Interestingly, there were no distillers in Bourbon county, Kentucky after the imposition of Prohibition in 1919 until 2013, when The Gentleman Distillery, now known as Hartfield & Company opened for business.

SDStaff Jillgat, Straight Dope Science Advisory Board

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